Geohazards resulting from mining activities must be effectively monitored to mitigate their impact on the environment and human activities. Geohazards such as landslides and collapses caused by open-pit mining are relatively easier to monitor because they are primarily surface-based. In contrast, underground mining disrupts the stress balance in the overlying rock layers, leading to complex settlement patterns, including subsidence basins, cracks, and groundwater depletion.

The HROS dataset consists of OPT and SAR images collected from multiple sources. The OPT images are collected from the large-scale public remote sensing datasets. Image sources include different platforms, including Google Maps, JL-1 satellite, Gaofen-2 satellite, aerial imagery, etc. The SAR images are captured by the AS-01 satellite, developed by Skysight Technology Co., LTD. The AS-01 satellite is equipped with a two-dimensional scanning plane solid-state active phased array synthetic aperture radar (SAR) payload, which enables high-resolution imaging capabilities.

Greenland Ice Sheet is one of the key factors influencing global climate change. Its slight variations can lead to significant changes in sea level, making quantitative research on its mass balance of great scientific importance.

These are 3D contours from LiDAR point cloud of Las Vegas. The QL-1 datasets (≤10cm vertical/≤35cm horizontal accuracy, ≥8 points/m²) required preprocessing due to excessive data volume (142GB for Santa Clara alone). Our method reduces data while preserving structurally critical line features for satellite image-LiDAR point cloud registration, focusing on building contours rather than less prominent road edges. First, building footprints were extracted using Google's 2D shape vectors instead of raw segmentation or classification.