ground penetrating radar (GPR); hybrid-rotational Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) facilitates the detection and localisation of subsurface structural anomalies in critical transport infrastructure (e.g. tunnels), better informing targeted maintenance strategies. However, conventional fixed-directional systems suffer from limited coverage - especially of less-accessible structural aspects (e.g. crowns) - alongside unclear visual output of anomaly spatial profiles, both for physical and simulated datasets.