3D point clouds; Change detection; Urban area; Remote sensing

Geohazards resulting from mining activities must be effectively monitored to mitigate their impact on the environment and human activities. Geohazards such as landslides and collapses caused by open-pit mining are relatively easier to monitor because they are primarily surface-based. In contrast, underground mining disrupts the stress balance in the overlying rock layers, leading to complex settlement patterns, including subsidence basins, cracks, and groundwater depletion.
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As the world has entered the ‘era of limits’, it is quintessential to prioritize and emphasize the importance of limits to growth. Principles of system thinking along with the system dynamics methodology help delve into the roots of complex system behavior to better predict them. A system is an interconnection of independent but inter-related parts where a positive change in one part of the system may prove to be calamitous for some other part and thereby for the system as a whole.
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