wheel profile; high-speed train

With the rapid development of high-speed trains (HSTs), safety and reliability in HSTs operation have attracted plenty of attention. The wheel, as one of the most crucial components, requires absolutely high reliability. The non-roundness wear is a typical failure mode of the HST wheel, which can have a detrimental influence on track and train components, leading to increased risks of rail breaks, sleeper cracking, high-cycle fatigue of wheels and axles, and bearing damage.