Smart contract vulnerabilities have led to substantial disruptions, ranging from the DAO attack
to the recent Poolz Finance arithmetic overflow incident. While historically, the definition of smart contract
vulnerabilities lacked standardization, even with the current advancements in Solidity smart contracts, the
potential for deploying malicious contracts to exploit legitimate ones persists.
The abstract Syntax Tree (AST ), Opcodes, and Control Flow Graph (CFG) are the intermediate representa-