fingerprinting

The utilization of Wi-Fi-based technology for pervasive
indoor user identification has gained prominence due to its cost-
effective nature and compatibility with user devices. For identifying
unique users, previous works proposed capturing the media access
control (MAC) address of the signal emitted from a user’s device,
while information elements(IE)-based MAC de-randomization meth-
ods were presented to mitigate the impairment caused by random
MAC. However, the IE types of different Wi-Fi devices are not