Directional couplers

Directional couplers are a fundamental building

block in integrated photonics, particularly in quantum appli-

cations and optimization-based design where precision is critical.

Accurate functionality is crucial to ensure reliable operation

within classical and quantum circuits. However, discrepancies

between simulations and measurements are frequently observed.

These inaccuracies can compromise the performance and scal-

ability of integrated photonic systems, underscoring the critical