The datasets are sourced from the Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PeMS) in California, which monitors and collects real-time traffic data from over 39,000 sensors deployed on major highways throughout the state. The PeMS system collects data every 30 seconds and aggregates it into 5-minute interval, with each sensor generating data for 288 time steps daily. Additionally, road network structure data is derived from the connectivity status and actual distances between sensors.