loss-concerned dc power flow

This letter presents a new formulation for the lossconcerned dc power flow that is suitable for optimization-based power system operation and planning. The proposed approach equivalently recasts a previously reported model considering non-uniform line flows. More specifically, motivated by industry standards, resistive losses of transmission lines are represented without relying on nodal voltage phase angles, unlike the original model. The proposed angle-free formulation is mathematically equivalent to the angle-based counterpart, i.e., identical line flows and losses are attained.